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Fundamentally a Sabre is a back sword with a curved blade with only the outer curved face sharpened. It is generally shorter than a standard sword and is designed to be used in a slashing motion. It was primarily used by the British Light Cavalry during the Napoleonic Wars and then as a side weapon when lances became the norm.
Dismounted infantry officers also used the sabre as a weapon, as being shorter, it tended not to become entwined in their legs when they were charging or running. It was also more robust than the standard issue officer’s sword which had a tendency to break after the first encounter with the enemy.
The Sabre was a lethal weapon and could easily cut off an arm or severe a head with one slash. When used by the Light Cavalry against retreating infantry the troopers would ride past the soldiers and backswing aiming for the head.
In one instance when French prisoners were captured and brought back by the cavalry, many were missing eyes, ears and had severe facial lacerations. One French General on seeing the wounds it inflicted said it should banned as a weapon of war.